The Birthday of Eileen Chang

In the September 2005 issue of Ming Pao Monthly, there is an article by Chen Zishan (陳子善), professor of Chinese language at the Shanghai Huadong Normal University.  In that article, Chen reported on his excursion to the address Number 195, Changde Road (常德路) in Shanghai.  What is so special about that address?  From the summer of 1942 to September of 1947, the writer Eileen Chang resided here.  Most of the works collected in the two volumes of short stories Rumors (流言) and Legends (傳說) were written here.  Chen stated that this was undoubtedly a blessed piece of turf in the contemporary history of Chinese literature.  Fortunately, this building is designated with an "exceptional historical building" status or else it would surely have been demolished to make way for a bland steel-and-concrete skyscraper.

At the location, Chen found this small plaque titled "The former residence of Eileen Zhang."  He took a photo of the plaque.  He noted that there was another elderly person from Taiwan also taking photographs of the same plaque, and they exchanged smiles because they knew why the other was there for.  The words on the plaque explain in Chinese and English just who Eileen Chang was.  The plaque begins with the dates of her birth and death (1921 and 1995), and stated that she left for the United States in 1952.

As Chen is a compiler of a Zhang Ailing database, he knew immediately that the information was erroneous.  As far as he knows, two of the three dates are wrong.  The correct date was the year of death -- 1995 -- as this was heavily covered in the news at the time.

On the date of birth, Chen cited the following from his Eileen Chang database:

  1. When Eileen Chang registered at the Hong Kong University in August 1939, she put down September 19, 1920.
  2. In the 1960's, Eileen Chang wrote up a resumι by hand in the United States (note: the original copy is in the files of Professor C.T. Hsia at Columbia University), and she put down September 30, 1920 as her birthday.
  3. In 1975, she wrote a self-description for the book "Brief Introduction to World Authors: 1950-1970" and she stated that her birthday was September 30, 1920.
  4. On her American identity card, the date of birth entered was September 30, 1920.
  5. On November 25, 1994, Eileen Chang wrote to the Deputy Editor of the China Times Supplement Section: "Previously, I sent you my resumι and I wanted to write down 1920 but I mistakenly wrote 1921."

Of these five pieces of evidence, the most convincing one should be number four.  But whereas the other four pieces of evidence are sourced and verifiable (respectively, the Hong Kong University registrar (where the day of September 19 is at odds with the other evidence), the handwritten resumι with Professor C.T. Hsia, a copy of the book "Brief Introduction to World Authors: 1950-1970" and the original letter received at China Times), there is no indication of where that American identity card is.  And what is an American identity card anyway, since there has never ever been a national identity card system as such in the United States?  It would be good if that so-called American identity card were found and then this whole matter could be put to rest.

Hmmm ... where is that American identity card?  Golly gee, would you believe that it is in my possession?  In fact, it is stashed inside a storage box in my bedroom right this moment.  Here is the scan image of Eileen Chang's 'green card.'

The 'green card' is issued to all new immigrants when they enter the United States of America.  The individual is required by law to have this card with him/her at all times.  The information on there has to be accurate.  If it were ever discovered that the individual provided false information, he/she may be expelled even if he/she has attained full citizenship by then.  The date on this card is September 30, 1920.  This should put the matter at rest.

On the same card, it is noted that Eileen Chang was admitted to the United States as an immigrant on October 22, 1955.  As Chen pointed out, Eileen Zhang departed from Shanghai for Hong Kong in 1952.  Between 1952 and 1955, she spent most of her time in Hong Kong except for a brief trip in Japan.

As a bonus, here is the back side of the 'green card' with Eileen's photograph.

Death certificate of Eileen Chang, with September 30, 1920 as the date of birth.


(百度知道

阳历1920年9月30日
阴历1920年8月19日

司马新著《张爱玲在美国》(上海文艺出版社,1996年)。在该书第六章的结尾,有一长段写1958年张爱玲的美国丈夫赖雅为她过生日的情景。现把其中关键的几句摘录于下:

由于张爱玲的生日以中国农历为准,以西方阳历计算,每年的生日都不相同。赖雅弄清了1958年她的生日应在10月1日,就在日记中记下这个日子来提醒自己。……这整一天都由赖雅庆祝她的生日。她告诉赖雅,这天是她有生以来最快乐的生日。那年,张爱玲三十八岁。
——司马新《张爱玲在美国》,页九十六

正像夏至清教授在该书前言中介绍的,司马新撰写《张爱玲在美国》花了相当大的功夫。他不仅是晚年张爱玲可以信赖的少数几个通信者之一,张爱玲去世之后,他还和赖雅前妻所生女儿Ruth会谈多次,也访问了几位张、赖结缡期间所交识的朋友。更重要的是,他看到了赖雅的日记和张爱玲写给他的几封信。从《张爱玲在美国》一书看,许多事件具体到了上午下午,可断定其依据是赖雅日记无疑。那么,关于张爱玲生日的一段也当是事实。

司马新提到张爱玲的生日以中国农历为准,这和她出身传统家庭背景相符。根据这段文字,我们查一下万年历,就可发现,1958年的10月1日,是中国农历的八月十九。再查1920年的农历八月十九,西历则是9月30日。因此可以断定,《联合报》的资料,虽然正确但是以阳历为准的,所以张爱玲说“阳历生日只供填表用”。实际上,一个以农历为准过生日的人,进入现代都市社会后,都会遇到填表时莫衷一是的难题。


(季季的部落格)    冥誕還未到 忌日已過去 — 張愛玲的生與死之謎    2010.09.19

張愛玲去世至今十五年,每隔一段時間就有「新作」問世。雖然都屬「舊作」出土,仍屢屢成為熱門新聞。皇冠也趁這波「9999」熱潮,推出喧騰已久的《雷峰塔》與《易經》,卻使記者不慎落入「99」迷魂障,誤以為這是她的生日或忌日:九月十日《聯合報》陳姓記者稱,「昨天是張愛玲九十歲冥誕」;《中國時報》林姓記者稱,「九月九日是張愛玲九十歲冥誕」;《旺報》黃姓記者稱,「在張愛玲逝世15周年這日(99日),…。

——其實張愛玲的冥誕還沒到,忌日則已過去了!

近年來「錯新聞」無日無之,尤其是文化新聞,由於年輕記者與編輯的文化素養出現斷層,「錯新聞」常成為文化圈的笑談。譬如九月九日《聯合報》,有一李姓記者報導吳念真將鄭清文小說〈清明時節〉搬上舞台並親自導演,第一段把「首部曲」寫成「首步曲」,第三段則把導演的名字由「吳念真」變成「陳映真」——顯然連核稿人與編輯都沒發現這個簡單的錯誤!而九月十日,同一則張愛玲新聞卻三報同時出錯,不免讓人特別錯愕。——為了免於遺患後輩,謹撰文稍做說明

「九月九日」不是張愛玲冥誕

張愛玲的生日歷來有「天秤座」與「處女座」兩版本之說。19959月張愛玲去世後,我赴上海訪問她弟弟張子靜,得知她的生日是1920930日﹙農曆819日﹚,並於19962月出版《我的姊姊張愛玲》一書。同年5月,司馬新出版《張愛玲與賴雅》,第一章寫張愛玲生日「1920930日﹙農曆830日﹚」;國曆日期與張子靜所述相同,農曆日期則有誤。司馬新也是上海人,久居美國,八0年代就讀哈佛大學的論文是《海上花列傳》,曾與張愛玲及張子靜等上海親人通信多年,並在張愛玲之夫賴雅﹙1891—1967,德裔美籍劇作家﹚去世後,訪問過賴雅的女兒並看過賴雅日記,他在《張愛玲與賴雅》第六章提到張愛玲與賴雅婚後第三年過生日,有如下之敘述

「由於張愛玲生日以中國農曆為準,以西方陽曆計算,每年生日的日子都不相同。賴雅弄清了1958年她的生日應在101日,就在日記中記下這個日子來提醒自己。……」

那天午睡醒來後,他們吃了點肉餅、青豆和飯,然後出門看了場傍晚的電影《刻不容緩》﹙No Time  for Sergeants﹚:

「他們看得大為開懷,笑出了眼淚,……她告訴賴雅,這天是她有生以來最快樂的生日。那年,張愛玲三十八歲。」

根據《萬年曆》換算,1958101日,正是農曆819日,與張子靜所述版本相同。且張愛玲在美國的入籍登記也是張子靜所述的1920930日;一般張愛玲研究者目前都以此日為準。這是「天秤座」版的背景。

但張愛玲遺產執行人宋以朗﹙宋淇之子﹚說,張愛玲1939年進入香港大學就讀時,學籍資料登記的生日是1920919日;根據《萬年曆》換算是農曆88日。這是「處女座」版的背景。

以前的人報戶口,為了取個好名字往往絞盡腦汁,時常晚個幾天甚至幾個月去戶籍機關登記;因為晚登記會被罰款,也就以入籍那天登記為生日。張愛玲的父親長期吸鴉片,生活一向頹靡,不無可能晚了十幾天替她報戶口。所以,也許930只是戶籍的記載,919才是張愛玲真實的生日?然而,這個推論如果成立,她進入港大辦理入學手續時,根據的又是何種戶籍資料?——除非港大並不需要以戶籍資料辦理入學手續。而且,她與賴雅共度的生日,也是張子靜所說的戶籍版本,並非港大的學籍版本。所以我對「處女座」版是存疑的,很希望有高明人士提出更具體更合理的證明。

——唯一不必懷疑的是,張愛玲屬猴,所以逝後多年仍能像孫行者般不斷的「變」出那麼多本書出版。

「九月九日」也不是張愛玲忌日

張愛玲被她的公寓經理伊芙蕾﹙伊朗裔﹚發現死亡,是洛杉磯時間1995981230分。由於向警方報案、驗屍等行政程序,99日才由她的遺囑執行人林式同對外發布消息,台灣各媒體也於910日起大幅報導她的辭世新聞。

據伊芙蕾說,她因半個多月沒看到這位「非常瘦、不愛講話、一向獨來獨往的東方老太太」,在她門下留信及打電話至她房間都無回音,98日中午去敲門也無回應,才以備份鑰匙開門查看,發現她「躺在空蕩蕩的房間地毯上」,確定已死亡即打電話報警驗屍。法醫驗屍後說,張愛玲的死因是「心血管病」,死亡日期「可能在六、七天前」;亦即92日左右。但最後仍以發現日期為準,於死亡證上註明其死亡日期為1995981230分。

所以,「九月九日」當然也不是「張愛玲逝世15周年」之日。

我想,為了免於混淆,其生日與忌日最好以官方登記為本——除非祖師奶奶願意站出來證明另有明確的真實版本

  唯一確定的是她去世之前十餘年即有心臟病史

最後,關於法醫驗定的張愛玲死因,在此也順便稍做說明;其實她在去世之前十餘年即有心臟病史。根據張愛玲最信任的友人莊信正﹙也是林式同好友﹚的《張愛玲來信菚註》﹙2008.印刻出版﹚第65封信所載,張愛玲19841014日寫給莊信正的信中,除了繼續抱怨公寓蟲患,並對遷居問題說明了以下重點:

我不喜歡小城,上次check—up發現一兩年前有過一次小heart attack﹙請不要跟人提起﹚,所以也要顧到看醫生方便。

莊信正嚴守張愛玲囑咐,從未「跟人提起」這個秘密。——張愛玲的心臟病,最後是由一個完全陌生的法醫昭告天下的;那時,她「也許」已經聽不到了。